The coming of the modern epoch has been characterised by a gradual transition from an art-based society, to one based on science and technology. In this manner, the art of city design has been sacrificed to the science of urban planning.
In most cases, the city has been reduced to its most basic role of life-support machine, its major preoccupations being utilitarian: infrastructure and function, finance and economics... The symbolical role of the city as work of art, as representation of the civilization and culture of the society that it harbours, has become secondary, a budgetary extra.